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    Dimitrios Douros
    Dimitrios Douros

    The Cross-Contamination Myth-Buster!

    Reviewed and edited by a celiac disease expert.

    Journal of Gluten Sensitivity Autumn 2014 Issue

    The Cross-Contamination Myth-Buster! - Photo: CC--Rex Hammock
    Caption: Photo: CC--Rex Hammock

    Celiac.com 08/22/2016 - The issue of cross-contamination keeps coming up in articles, conferences, blogs and every other venue in which celiacs discuss ways of living with our disease. For all the talk there has been precious little, if any, thoughtful analysis, so I felt it was time for one. Some will appreciate this analysis—others will not. For reference, I don't work for the food industry in any way, shape or form, so I'm not presenting arguments to help anyone make money. I just think that the way gluten permeates our food culture, we celiacs have become overly cautious and worried about where the next molecule of gluten may be hiding, ready to attack us, and as a result walk around in constant fear, significantly degrading our overall quality of our life and doing more harm to our health through stress than a rare, chance episode of cross-contamination might actually do.

    Using the FDA's 20ppm limit as the definition of gluten-free, and some simple, first grade arithmetic, I want to look at the cross-contamination issue and see what's worth worrying about and what's not.

    Celiac.com Sponsor (A12):
    Because cross-contamination is a situational, process-related issue, it is best to separate the issue into categories that relate to the situation: a) at home, B) in food production lines shared with gluten products, c) at the prepared food counter in the local grocery store, d) in restaurants.

    What's E.coli Got to do With It?
    Cross-contamination at home is mostly an issue for someone just starting out on a gluten-free life and for those 'blended' families that have some individuals on a gluten-free diet and the rest of the family not.

    There have been many posts over the years with this sentiment: "I just got diagnosed with celiac disease, I have started on the gluten-free diet and other celiacs are telling me to get rid of most of my cooking utensils, especially wooden spoons, plastic spoons, basting syringes as well as brushes I use with oil and butter."

    The concern behind this statement is that porous wood and scratches in plastic spoons and syringes or the hairs of a brush can harbor gluten particles that can contaminate our food. A reasonable sounding argument on the face of it, but one that has absolutely no merit when examined in the light of science and reason!

    E.coli found in beef and salmonella found in chicken are living nasty organisms that multiply and spread and can cause health problems from mild GI upset to death in some cases. And yet there has never been a case of someone throwing away their kitchen utensils after cooking chicken or beef. The utensils—wood, plastic or otherwise—get washed and re-used. If we trust proper washing to get rid of nasty, living, growing organisms that can kill us, there is no reason to doubt that the same proper washing can get rid of some particles of gluten—a non-living, non-growing, non-spreading food ingredient.

    Playing the devil's advocate, let's assume that our washing left behind a thin layer of wheat flour on a wooden spoon—certainly an amount so small that cannot be seen, else it would have been wiped away. How much flour is that? The flour from one fifth of a grain of wheat is enough to completely cover the spoon. One fifth of a grain of wheat is 16mg of wheat; of which no more than 3mg is gluten. So let's assume we use that wooden spoon to prepare pasta in a 1-quart pot and all the flour on the spoon dissolves into the water with the pasta. That's 3mg of gluten in 1,000grams of water (1-quart = 1,000g of water). That works out to around 3ppm gluten in the pot. That is well below the 20ppm definition of gluten-free in the new FDA regulations; it is actually below any level today's best science can even measure! What's more, since we assumed that ALL the flour on the spoon dissolved into the water, the spatula is from now on, forever gluten-free, just as un-contaminated as a brand new spatula from the store!

    Moral of the story: either the washing will remove the gluten from the utensils, or the gluten left over will be below the 20ppm limit in the first food cooked with that utensil and leave the spoon completely uncontaminated ever after. So if you want to use gluten as an excuse to get some new cooking utensils, that's OK, but there is certainly no cross-contamination reason to do so. If you are really concerned, take all your utensils, put them in a pot of boiling water for 10 minutes and you're done! After all, that's how hospitals used to sterilize syringes before throw-away ones became the norm.

    Additionally this argument would indicate that a family that cooks both gluten-free and non-gluten-free could use one set of utensils as long as they get washed after every use. To feel more comfortable, one could use two sets of utensils, one for gluten-free the other for the rest.

    That's False Advertising—I'm Suing You!
    Cross-contamination concerns for foods from shared lines come up as we read food labels that say: "Prepared on a production line that also processes wheat and tree nuts."

    A couple of things to start the discussion: Making customers sick is a bad business plan, the only thing worse is having customers sue for severe illness or death. For these reasons food companies that use allergens in their products - wheat, milk, soy, nuts, shellfish, etc., take the precaution of cleaning their production lines between runs of different products to avoid the very cross-contamination that could sicken or kill their customers. However, in our extremely litigious society, even when a company knows its production line is clean and free of cross-contaminants, it is safer to simply slap the label: "Prepared on a production line that also processes wheat and tree nuts" on the product and completely avoid any nuisance lawsuit.

    Of course this leaves all of us celiacs scratching our heads trying to decide whether it's OK to consume such a product or not. Opinions vary; for my part, I note the label, keep it in mind, but operate on the basis that the company does have a standard process for cleaning their equipment between product runs.

    With that assumption, the only chance of cross-contamination is in the first few batches of the product to go through the line, batches that most, if not all, manufacturers test and discard if found to be cross-contaminated. Even if such a 'spot' contaminated batch made it through to the market the analysis would follow along the same lines as all other cases in this article. The amount of wheat flour (and therefore gluten) that is left on the processing line must be too small to even be seen, otherwise it would have been wiped away. That small amount spread over several 'units' of the product could only result in a few ppm gluten for each 'unit' of the product. Certainly not a cross-contamination concern.

    There's Gluten in Salmon! Really?
    Cross-contamination at the grocery store; primarily a problem in any of the many grocery stores that prepare foods on premises, like sushi and salads or getting fresh-sliced cold-cuts at a deli.

    Pick up a tray of salmon or tuna sushi - nigiri, sashimi, maki—and the ingredient list includes wheat, but the person that prepared it says they don't use wheat. Pick up a salad that obviously has no wheat in it and yet the label lists wheat as a potential allergen. What is going on?

    The most probable culprit in all such cases is the packet of condiments 'on the side'. Sushi almost always includes a sealed soy sauce packet or two for people to use if they want. As we celiacs know most soy sauce contains wheat so, the label on the entire sushi container—which includes the soy sauce packets—lists wheat because of the soy sauce. Skip the soy sauce and enjoy your gluten-free sushi! Same argument with a salad—if wheat is listed as an ingredient but there is no obvious wheat in the salad (croutons, bread, etc.) then the wheat listed is most probably in the dressing offered on the side—skip the dressing.

    Getting fresh cold-cuts at a deli to make sandwiches with your favorite gluten-free bread can raise the question of cross-contamination at the slicer from cured meat products that may contain gluten. First, any reputable deli wipes down their slicer between orders. To add a level of safety, explain the cross-contamination concern and ask the person preparing the order to set aside the first 5 slices—they will always oblige. Any residual gluten will stick to the first few slices and the rest will be fine.

    A Gluten Fog: Your Local Pizzeria—Not That Scary!
    We're all getting used to pizza places that have become enlightened enough to add gluten-free pizza options to their menu. They prepare gluten-free dough and cook the pizza in a dedicated corner of their oven or on baking sheets reserved for gluten-free pizzas. Giving them the benefit of the doubt that they spread out the toppings with no cross-contamination—which is easily checked by a few questions—this leaves one more cross-contamination concern. In 'high end' pizza places that roll their own dough for the regular (wheat) pizzas there's flour dust in the air. It would seem to be a valid cross-contamination concern, but the numbers are again, against it—unless the flour dust in the kitchen is so thick you can't see from one end of the kitchen to the other—not likely because flour dust that thick is a fire hazard!

    So the analysis again reveals a non-issue: the amount of flour dust that lands on a 10" pizza is less than one wheat grain's worth. That's 65mg of wheat, worst case that is 10mg of gluten which translates to less than 10ppm for the entire 10" pizza, again well below the 20ppm definition of gluten-free in the new FDA regulations! So if you're feeling GI distress after eating your favorite gluten-free pizza at your favorite pizzeria, it's probably the pepperoni!

    Salads at a restaurant are the next big concern because of the increasing tendency to see croutons or pita wedges as part of the salad. Of course you ask for your salad without the gluten item. And wouldn't you know it when the salad comes you see a big pita wedge right on top! Of course you ask that they take it back and bring you one without pita. And you wonder—did they make a new one or just serve you the old one after taking the pita off? Or maybe it's a business lunch with an important client and you don't want to make a fuss and don't even ask for a new salad. This is where my analysis goes a bit too far for some. I will remove the pita or pick around the croutons and eat the salad without a worry about getting 'glutened'. In my scientific brain the case is quite simple and clear: the thing we miss the most about gluten is its sticky property—it's a glue that sticks things together, and makes it possible to have light, airy, crusty baguettes to die for! Well, that same great property is what gives me the confidence to eat that salad. During baking, the gluten is completely bound up in that pita or in the croutons—it is not going to come loose just to contaminate me. It has not been laying in wait for the opportunity to be put on a celiac's plate and launch an attack on my villi—it's just not going to happen, nature does not work that way.

    So, worry a little less and enjoy a lot more! I leave you with this empirical fact: There was a report back in the late '90s about a 10-year research program that went around the world interviewing people that were in their 90's to try and find a common thread to their longevity. Every factor was considered, food, smoking, physical activity level, genetics, drinking—everything. Once all the data was analyzed there was one and only one, crystal clear, common factor among all these people: they knew how to let go of worry, stress, loss, pain. Regardless of what life threw at them, they moved past it to the other side and kept on going. Don't let unfounded, irrational fear of gluten rob you of your life—move past it!



    User Feedback

    Recommended Comments



    cyclinglady
    4 hours ago, Guest Heather said:

    My 5-year-old son just had 2 positive blood tests for celiac disease, and we're now waiting for a GI consult. We've been advised not to change his diet at all until we see a GI doc. 

    He's asymptomatic, and no one in our family has any issues with gluten at all, so we were shocked, to say the least. I've been trying to do a bit of research without panicking myself, and cross-contamination is an issue that's causing me a lot of confusion. 

    Perhaps someone here can answer my question - if a person is asymptomatic, is cross-contamination such as is outlined in this article truly dangerous; that is to say, will unwanted but possibly present bits of gluten cause him the kind of long-term intestinal damage that we're very keen to avoid? 

    Do people with celiac disease avoid cross-contamination because it will hurt them in the long run, or because they don't want whatever their gluten-related symptoms are to pop up? Or both?

    Symptoms or no symptoms, if a celiac consumes gluten, it triggers an autoimmune reaction that destroys the small intestine.  

    When I was diagnosed, I was shocked too.  Anemia was my main symptom at the time of It never addressed because I had a genetic anemia as well.  We determined that I had had celiac disease for a long time.  As a result, I developed osteoporosis, two additional autoimmune disorders, was short, dental defects, and allergies.  

    Once away from gluten, many celiacs react to traces of gluten even if they were asymptomatic, others really never get symptoms.  But yes, cross contamination is critical.  I encourage you to browse through  the website and learn how to keep your child safe.  

    Because of the COVID-19 crisis, consider talking to your physician or the GI about getting a diagnosis without an endoscopy.  In children, they are now leaning towards doing this.  You can google this information and share it with your PCP/GP/PED.  I would hate to see your child have to wait long while doing damage.  Just a thought.  ?

    Edited by cyclinglady
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    cyclinglady
    On 3/29/2020 at 5:06 AM, Guest Ren said:

    I stumbled across this article and found it really interesting as I've never thought that cross contamination could present a huge risk unless you are super sensitive.  Then after reading the comments, I was inspired to find some "science" ?.  Here we have it.  Open Original Shared Link

    This was a super tiny, tiny study.  All celiac disease experts still recommend to be very careful and to continue to follow the existing standard gluten-free guidelines.  

    Open Original Shared Link

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    cyclinglady
    On 12/17/2019 at 10:23 AM, Zigzag said:

    I love this article... I am relatively new celiac 1.5yrs, asymptomatic, ret. engineer and made similar calculations on a variety of foods and conditions.  If the 20ppm limit is real, then normal precautions will easily keep one under that limit . Do the math.

    Did you know that the initial guidelines of 20 ppm were based on about 59 study participants?  That is a pretty small study.  While you may be asymptomatic, many celiacs who have Dermatitis Herpetiformis, report that they can not tolerate 20 ppm.  Their reaction (rash) is very visible.  

    How are your antibody levels?  Have they normalized?  

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    Guest Guest KRS

    Posted

    The Math and other Comparisons used in this Myth Buster is completely a BUST! Must be awful Pasta if cooking a quart of water with only 1 (ONE) Grain of wheat! If Cross Contaminated and you are that 1 Grain of Wheat how many ppm is that only considering the 1 Grain! The 20ppm is not for the entire meal it's for that single source of Gluten! Which so many Celiac's cannot handle without having problems!

    Comparing Gluten to E-Coli and Salmonella is just plain crazy! What Temperature does it take to "Kill" these? Low enough that Adequate Hotwater should do the job! Or at least during the cooking process! What temperature "Kills" Gluten? Well over 500° and well over any Consumer grade Stove/Oven!

    LOOK AT THE MATH! DOES NOT ADD UP HERE! REMEMBER, YOU CAN MAKE ANYTHING APPEAR THE SAY YOU WISH! 

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    Guest Ned

    Add me to the list of super sensitive to small doses of cross contamination. I can't even share a toaster with my wife and daughter who are gluten-safe.
    Agreed with the other person who commented that this article is irresponsible and dangerous to make such claims!!

     

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    Scott Adams

    Celiac.com's position is, and has always been, avoid gluten and stay 100% gluten-free if you have celiac disease. People, however, can't always control their environment, some travel for jobs or vacations, and they eat outside their homes. Now there are solutions like AN-PEP enzymes (GliadinX, who is a sponsor here, is an example) that can help mitigate issues with small amounts of cross-contamination. Believe it or not there is a study that says that the toaster may not convey enough gluten to hurt most celiacs, but of course, having a separate toaster is best:

     

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    Guest Eleni

    Posted

    On 8/23/2016 at 3:30 AM, Guest AMY LEVY said:

    That was a terrific article. As someone who is consumed daily with this subject (I am gluten-free, my daughter is gluten-free and I run a gluten-free marketing agency), it is helpful to see that someone else shares my opinion about cross contamination. We order cautiously in restaurants but eat in them often. We buy tons of gluten-free products but also buy those that are manufactured on equipment that may have seen some wheat in its day. The article is thoughtful and well researched.

    Are you Celiac as well? Or just gluten free?

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    Guest Eleni

    Posted

    On 8/30/2016 at 11:45 AM, Guest Steven Gelfond said:

    Science matters. Hysteria, self diagnosis, pseudoscience and confirmation biases simply make things worse.

     

    Too many people suffer from OCD-like worries when it comes to cross contamination. My daughter had IgA above 100 and a biopsy that showed flat villi 4 years ago. We relied on science on how to safely avoid gluten for her and she is thriving now with no signs of gluten contamination. We eat out regularly and follow common sense. We tell the server that she has celiac disease and make sure that the cook knows. We request that all utensils and the cooking surface are cleaned. We request aluminum foil to be placed on grilling surfaces (she prefers to have no char on her steaks anyway) and never order fried food unless a dedicated gluten free fryer is used.

     

    There is no denying that people slamming this article have had horrendously bad symptoms. However, just like food poisoning, it is impossible to prove the root cause without having a sample of the food to test. Connecting the dots is a form of confirmation bias ("I have celiac, I ate at a gluten-free place, I have symptoms therefore they cross contaminated my food"). There are dozens of causes that create symptoms similar to celiac. One of them is extreme stress.

     

    Trust science. Scientists are on your side. Science and the scientific method brings solutions, not problems. The scientific community of professionals cross check and challenge studies and reports. It's the media that twists information to get eyeballs and clicks to get more ad revenue.

    I'd really reconsider your use of the word "hysteria"--it comes across to me as insensitive and invalidating. I didn't even have to see your name to know that a white man wrote this lol. A lot of the people you've just invalidated with your example are actually conscientious and keep track of what they ate that day. So yes, it's pretty easy to pinpoint what the cause of their symptoms might be if the restaurant food is the only thing they ate that they didn't prepare themselves. I'm a silent Celiac so I don't experience overt symptoms when I'm glutened, so it's not like I'm even writing this in defense of myself. But I did feel like I had to say to something because this whole thing came across to me as pretty insensitive and mansplainey. 

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    Guest Guest C

    Posted

    As a hyper-sensitive celiac, I want to comment for anyone reading this - this article is nonsense, plain and simple. You may not be a hyper-celiac - in which case, great! You don't have to worry about it. But I get routinely and distinctly "glutened" by annoyingly microscopic amounts of gluten, in this like: (a) beans and lentils (b) rice (c) oils (d) "gluten free" products (e) spices (almost no spice is uncontaminated) (f) most condiments (g) etc etc etc. 

    And by "glutened," I mean head-spinning k/o'd - not just a bellyache. 

    Here's the deal - some people are indeed just gluten-sensitive, or have minimal autoantibody response - that's wonderful. But to write articles like this that pretend that therefore NOBODY has a hyper-autoimmune response... well... come on. 

    I mostly just want to post on the chance that anyone reading this who is hyper-sensitive is wondering - no, you're not crazy, you really can get glutened by "gluten free" stuff.  I'd recommend just making a quick phone call - ask the company if wheat products are ANYWHERE in their facilities or buildings, and if the answer is yes - there's gluten in all their products. If you're struggling with hyper-C, why wouldn't you? It's not worth blasting your intestines to enjoy 3 minutes of chewing something that's probably not really that tasty anyways... just my 2c.

     

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    trents
    On 3/5/2021 at 8:38 PM, Guest Eleni said:

    I'd really reconsider your use of the word "hysteria"--it comes across to me as insensitive and invalidating. I didn't even have to see your name to know that a white man wrote this lol. A lot of the people you've just invalidated with your example are actually conscientious and keep track of what they ate that day. So yes, it's pretty easy to pinpoint what the cause of their symptoms might be if the restaurant food is the only thing they ate that they didn't prepare themselves. I'm a silent Celiac so I don't experience overt symptoms when I'm glutened, so it's not like I'm even writing this in defense of myself. But I did feel like I had to say to something because this whole thing came across to me as pretty insensitive and mansplainey. 

    So by your own words I must conclude that you believe a non-white person could not have the same view point as the article's author . . . and that people's names always reveal their racial identity. What about the name George Washington? He was of white European descent and the first president of the United States. Yet, since then many Americans of African descent have been named after him. If someone named George Washington had written this article on CC and there was no picture insert, would you have concluded he was a white man or a black man? From your reaction to this article may I conclude you are a hypersensitive celiac or just a hypersensitive person whose world view is racially charged?

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    dovahgolzseyol
    On 8/22/2016 at 9:29 AM, Guest joey smith said:

    I think this is a generalization depending on how sensitive the person is to the gluten. I think making a generalization like this is the problem and why most people get sick in a home or public setting. I think these generalizations are the problem with the doctors, non celiacs and celiacs, there is so much judgement and assumption with out knowing how it impacts the people who are impacted by what their celiac is. I think it is great that you did some math on it but I think this is your experience and not the experience of others. I am super sensitive and these opinions would set me up for a 3 month health issue. I would not call this a myth-buster I would call this your experience with your struggle.

    I agree. I think an article like this is even dangerous and misleading, especially for really sensitive celiacs. 

    I would most definitely be sick for weeks if I just ate around a crouton in a salad. I mean, honestly, this idea is ridiculous because even most non overly sensitive celiacs know this is a huge mistake here. Also, it's important to remember that even if you have no symptoms, damage is still being done to your body when you consume even a seemingly small amount of gluten, and that includes cross contact. 

    This article is straight up irresponsible and is going to end up causing a lot of newbies to get very sick. 

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    Amy R.
    On 8/22/2016 at 6:30 AM, Guest Joni Paranka said:

    Thank you for a great analysis that is evidence based and non-alarmist. Appreciate what you do here!

    Well said I agree with you!!! Joni Paranka…..

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